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What is Free Evolution?

Free evolution is the notion that natural processes can cause organisms to develop over time. This includes the appearance and growth of new species.

This has been demonstrated by numerous examples of stickleback fish species that can live in fresh or 에볼루션바카라 saltwater and walking stick insect types that are apprehensive about specific host plants. These reversible traits, however, cannot be the reason for fundamental changes in body plans.

Evolution through Natural Selection

Scientists have been fascinated by the evolution of all living creatures that live on our planet for many centuries. The most widely accepted explanation is Darwin's natural selection, a process that occurs when better-adapted individuals survive and reproduce more effectively than those that are less well-adapted. Over time, a population of well adapted individuals grows and eventually becomes a new species.

Natural selection is an ongoing process that is characterized by the interaction of three elements including inheritance, variation, and reproduction. Mutation and sexual reproduction increase genetic diversity in an animal species. Inheritance is the term used to describe the transmission of a person’s genetic traits, which include recessive and dominant genes to their offspring. Reproduction is the production of fertile, viable offspring, which includes both sexual and asexual methods.

All of these elements have to be in equilibrium for natural selection to occur. If, for example the dominant gene allele allows an organism to reproduce and live longer than the recessive gene allele then the dominant allele will become more common in a population. If the allele confers a negative advantage to survival or decreases the fertility of the population, it will be eliminated. The process is self-reinforcing, which means that an organism with a beneficial characteristic will survive and reproduce more than an individual with an inadaptive trait. The more fit an organism is which is measured by its ability to reproduce and survive, is the more offspring it can produce. People with desirable characteristics, like a longer neck in giraffes, or bright white color patterns in male peacocks are more likely to survive and produce offspring, and thus will become the majority of the population in the future.

Natural selection only acts on populations, not on individuals. This is an important distinction from the Lamarckian theory of evolution which argues that animals acquire characteristics by use or inactivity. If a giraffe stretches its neck in order to catch prey and its neck gets longer, then its offspring will inherit this characteristic. The difference in neck size between generations will continue to increase until the giraffe becomes unable to breed with other giraffes.

Evolution by Genetic Drift

Genetic drift occurs when alleles of a gene are randomly distributed in a population. At some point, only one of them will be fixed (become widespread enough to not more be eliminated through natural selection), and the other alleles will diminish in frequency. In extreme cases it can lead to dominance of a single allele. The other alleles have been essentially eliminated and heterozygosity has been reduced to zero. In a small number of people, this could lead to the total elimination of recessive allele. This scenario is called the bottleneck effect. It is typical of the evolution process that occurs when a large number individuals migrate to form a population.

A phenotypic 'bottleneck' can also occur when survivors of a disaster like an outbreak or mass hunt event are confined to a small area. The surviving individuals will be mostly homozygous for the dominant allele which means that they will all have the same phenotype and will consequently have the same fitness traits. This can be caused by earthquakes, war or even plagues. The genetically distinct population, if it is left vulnerable to genetic drift.

Walsh Lewens, Walsh and Ariew define drift as a departure from expected values due to differences in fitness. They cite the famous example of twins that are genetically identical and have exactly the same phenotype, but one is struck by lightning and dies, while the other continues to reproduce.

This kind of drift could be vital to the evolution of an entire species. It is not the only method for evolution. Natural selection is the primary alternative, in which mutations and migration maintain the phenotypic diversity in a population.

Stephens claims that there is a huge distinction between treating drift as a force or cause, and treating other causes such as migration and selection mutation as causes and forces. He claims that a causal-process explanation of drift lets us differentiate it from other forces, and this distinction is crucial. He argues further that drift has both a direction, i.e., it tends to eliminate heterozygosity. It also has a size, which is determined based on population size.

Evolution by Lamarckism

Students of biology in high school are frequently introduced to Jean-Baptiste Lemarck's (1744-1829) work. His theory of evolution is generally called "Lamarckism" and it states that simple organisms grow into more complex organisms via the inheritance of traits that are a result of the natural activities of an organism use and misuse. Lamarckism is typically illustrated by the image of a giraffe extending its neck to reach leaves higher up in the trees. This could cause giraffes to give their longer necks to their offspring, which then grow even taller.

Lamarck was a French zoologist and, in his lecture to begin his course on invertebrate zoology held at the Museum of Natural History in Paris on the 17th May 1802, he presented a groundbreaking concept that radically challenged the previous understanding of organic transformation. According to him, living things had evolved from inanimate matter via the gradual progression of events. Lamarck was not the only one to suggest that this might be the case, but the general consensus is that he was the one giving the subject its first broad and comprehensive treatment.

The predominant story is that Charles Darwin's theory on evolution by natural selection and Lamarckism were competing during the 19th century. Darwinism ultimately prevailed and led to what biologists call the Modern Synthesis. The Modern Synthesis theory denies that acquired characteristics can be inherited and instead, it argues that organisms develop by the symbiosis of environmental factors, 에볼루션 코리아 바카라에볼루션 카지노 사이트 - review - including natural selection.

Although Lamarck supported the notion of inheritance by acquired characters and his contemporaries paid lip-service to this notion but it was not an integral part of any of their theories about evolution. This is partly due to the fact that it was never validated scientifically.

It has been more than 200 years since the birth of Lamarck, and in the age genomics, there is an increasing evidence-based body of evidence to support the heritability acquired characteristics. This is sometimes referred to as "neo-Lamarckism" or more commonly epigenetic inheritance. This is a variant that is as reliable as the popular neodarwinian model.

Evolution through Adaptation

One of the most common misconceptions about evolution is that it is driven by a sort of struggle for survival. This view is a misrepresentation of natural selection and ignores the other forces that determine the rate of evolution. The fight for survival is more accurately described as a struggle to survive in a certain environment. This can include not just other organisms, but also the physical environment.

Understanding how adaptation works is essential to understand evolution. It refers to a specific characteristic that allows an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment. It can be a physiological structure, such as feathers or fur or a behavior like moving into the shade in hot weather or coming out at night to avoid the cold.

The survival of an organism depends on its ability to extract energy from the environment and to interact with other organisms and their physical environments. The organism must have the right genes to create offspring and to be able to access enough food and resources. Furthermore, the organism needs to be capable of reproducing itself at a high rate within its environmental niche.

These elements, along with mutations and gene flow can result in a shift in the proportion of different alleles in the gene pool of a population. Over time, this change in allele frequency can result in the development of new traits, and eventually new species.

Many of the features that we admire about animals and plants are adaptations, like lungs or gills to extract oxygen from the air, fur or feathers to provide insulation, long legs for running away from predators and camouflage for hiding. To understand adaptation it is crucial to discern between physiological and behavioral traits.

Physiological adaptations like the thick fur or gills are physical traits, whereas behavioral adaptations, like the desire to find companions or to move into the shade in hot weather, aren't. Additionally it is important to understand that a lack of forethought does not make something an adaptation. In fact, failure to think about the consequences of a behavior can make it unadaptive even though it appears to be reasonable or even essential.